Battery driven Electric vehicle with regenerative Braking operation
Title: Understanding Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicles Using MATLAB Simulation
Introduction: In this simulation tutorial, we will explore the concept of regenerative braking in electric vehicles (EVs) using MATLAB. Regenerative braking is an innovative technology that allows EVs to recover and store energy during braking, increasing their overall efficiency. We will use a simulation model to visualize and understand how this process works.
Prerequisites: Before we begin, ensure that you have MATLAB installed on your computer.
Simulation Components: Our simulation model comprises the following components:
Battery
Bi-directional DC-DC Converter
DC Motor
Speed Control System
PID Controller
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Generator
Working Principle:
Battery: We start with a 60V battery with a rated capacity of 400 Ah. The initial state of charge (SoC) is set at 50%.
DC Motor: A 240V DC motor with a rated power of 5 HP is used in our simulation. It operates with a rated speed of 10750 RPM and has a torque of 10 Newton-meters.
Speed Control System: The speed of the DC motor is controlled by a reference speed command. During regenerative braking, this reference speed is reduced, simulating the act of slowing down or applying the brakes in an EV.
PID Controller: The PID controller is responsible for regulating the motor's speed. It receives feedback from the motor's actual speed and compares it to the reference speed. Based on this error, it generates a control signal to adjust the motor's speed.
Bi-directional DC-DC Converter: This crucial component enables the transfer of energy between the battery and the DC motor. During motoring (acceleration) mode, power flows from the battery to the motor, propelling the vehicle. During regenerative braking, the direction of power flow reverses, with excess kinetic energy being converted back into electrical energy and stored in the battery.
PWM Generator: The PWM generator generates pulse-width modulated signals to control the power transistors (MOSFETs) that manage the flow of energy between the battery and the motor.
Simulation Scenarios:
Constant Speed Operation: We start by maintaining a constant motor speed to observe the battery's behavior under normal motoring conditions.
Regenerative Braking: After a few seconds, we simulate regenerative braking by reducing the reference speed command, causing the motor to slow down. During this phase, we observe how the battery charges and the motor operates as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Simulation Results:
Constant Speed Operation: During this phase, the battery supplies power to the motor to maintain the desired speed. The battery voltage and current vary as they provide power to the motor.
Regenerative Braking: When we apply regenerative braking by reducing the reference speed, the motor starts to act as a generator. The current direction reverses, and the motor generates electrical energy. This energy flows back into the battery, causing the state of charge (SoC) to increase. The voltage across the battery also rises as it stores regenerated energy.
Conclusion: This MATLAB simulation illustrates the concept of regenerative braking in electric vehicles. It showcases how EVs can efficiently recover and store energy during braking, improving overall energy utilization and extending the vehicle's range.
Understanding regenerative braking is essential for developing energy-efficient and eco-friendly EVs. By harnessing this technology, we can reduce energy waste and contribute to a more sustainable transportation future.
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